Indications
Clofarabine is primarily indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 1 to 21 years who have relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) after at least two prior treatment regimens. The FDA has designated clofarabine as an orphan drug specifically for this use, highlighting its significance in treating this rare condition.
Pharmacodynamics
Clofarabine functions as a purine nucleoside antimetabolite. It uniquely differs from other purine nucleoside analogs due to its structural modifications, which include a chlorine atom in the purine ring and a fluorine atom in the ribose moiety. These modifications allow clofarabine to interfere with the growth and survival of cancer cells by disrupting their DNA and RNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting nucleic acid production. This disruption ultimately leads to the destruction of the cancerous cells; however, it may also impact normal cells, resulting in additional effects.
Metabolism
Once inside the cell, clofarabine undergoes sequential intracellular metabolism. It is initially converted to its 5'-monophosphate form by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase and subsequently phosphorylated by mono- and di-phosphokinases to its active 5'-triphosphate form. Clofarabine demonstrates a high affinity for deoxycytidine kinase, the enzyme responsible for its activation, with an affinity comparable to or exceeding that of its natural substrate, deoxycytidine.
Mechanism of Action
Clofarabine, once taken up by cells, undergoes metabolic conversion to its active forms: the 5'-monophosphate metabolite via deoxycytidine kinase, and the 5'-triphosphate metabolite through mono- and di-phospho-kinases. This active triphosphate form exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting DNA synthesis. It achieves this by interfering with ribonucleotide reductase, halting DNA chain elongation, and competitively inhibiting DNA polymerases, which impedes DNA repair. Such actions result in the depletion of the intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphate pools and amplify the incorporation of clofarabine triphosphate into the DNA, thereby enhancing the inhibition of DNA synthesis. The binding affinity of clofarabine triphosphate to these enzymes is comparable to or higher than that of deoxyadenosine triphosphate. In preclinical studies, clofarabine has shown its potential to inhibit DNA repair by becoming integrated into the DNA chain during repair processes. Additionally, clofarabine 5'-triphosphate compromises the mitochondrial membrane's integrity, triggering the release of pro-apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor, which initiate the cascade leading to programmed cell death.
